A confession: No opera reduces me to tears more readily than Falstaff. Falstaff, a comic opera! The fact that it was Verdi's last work for the stage explains in part my response. Though he had been grumbling about his supposed decrepitude since the 1880s, Verdi was saddened to bid farewell to the theatre. Gruff and laconic as he was, he opened his heart to Emma Zilli, the first Alice Ford, some months after Falstaff's premiere.
Do you remember the third Falstaff?!!! I took my leave of you all; and you were all somewhat moved, especially you and Pasqua. Imagine what my greeting implied, since it meant: "We will never meet again as artists!!" It is true that we saw each other after that, in Milan, in Genoa, in Rome; but memory carried us back always to that third evening, which meant: Everything is finished! Lucky you who still have such a long career ahead.
Verdi confessed to his publisher, Giulio Ricordi, that he could hardly bear to think back on the premiere and the period leading up to it:
Otherwise, I will fly to Milan in a balloon to beg my dear Merry Wives and Big Belly and the Men to start rehearsing again!! It was just exactly two months ago today, the third, that we had the first rehearsal!!! Everything ends!! Alas, alas! too sad!! This thought is too sad!! It is all Big Belly's fault. What madmen!! Everyone… He, You, You, You, You. Everything on earth is a joke.
Mary Jane Phillips-Matz, in her magnificent biography of Verdi, describes the night of Falstaff's premiere.
When [Verdi, Verdi's wife Strepponi, and librettist Arrigo Boito] got to the Grand Hôtel de Milan, they were greeted by the same pandemonium that had reigned after Otello. Dignitaries waited inside the lobby; the flower-decked salon of the composer's suite was decorated with a bronze wreath, a gift of [the hotel's owner] Spatz, who had had many of its leaves engraved with the names of Verdi's operas but had left some of them blank!
…An unidentified writer who was with [the party] reported that the composer was "happy and satisfied: his beautiful face was bright with a smile. Verdi gladly received the congratulations of his friends, and did not forget anyone who was there…" Nowhere is there a hint that the composer ever showed fatigue or exasperation during the taxing month before the Falstaff première. Indeed, several men of science published articles on his extraordinary physical strength, energy, and soundness of mind.
Still, despite Verdi's vigor, despite his having created in Falstaff "a new art, music, and poetry" (as Peppina wrote), "an extremely new art form" (in Boito's words), everything really was finished.
I hear time's dreadful march in every measure of this swiftest of operas: in the gossamer of Nanetta and Fenton's love music; in the luxuriant (but oh-so-fleeting) sensuality of Falstaff's "Ber del vino dolce e sbottonarsi al sole"; even in "Quand'ero paggio"—blithe and tripping, but evoking a slip of a boy whose "green April" and "glad May" will never return. Julian Budden writes that much of Falstaff is "instinct with… lacrimae rerum" and an "underlying melancholy."
And the fugue! That triumphant joke at the expense of the conservatory professors and "quartettists" who had heaped scorn on Verdi's abilities; that wrenching suspension, dreadful pause, and dizzying look into the abyss—"Tutti gabbati!" ("We all play the fools!")—before the laughter returns and merry brass flourishes bring to an end the operatic career of this most humane and great-hearted artist.
Budden closes his three-volume study of Verdi's operas thus:
By his eightieth year [Verdi] knew that nothing in this world can be taken for granted and that "Man is born to be made a fool of." That he was no mere destructive cynic; that, if no orthodox Christian, he thought seriously on first and last things we know from the Requiem and the Quattro Pezzi Sacri that were his last compositions; but the final message of the secular Verdi is one of tolerance, comprehension and humour. If we cannot all agree we can at least laugh with each other and at ourselves. It is a message of hope.
The Met's revival of Falstaff is one of the finest performances I have seen in three decades of opera-going, and I commend it to all within striking distance of New York. From Newsday, a review of the Met's Falstaff by vilaine fille alter ego Marion Lignana Rosenberg.
My favorite recordings of Falstaff are the Sony (CD) and Euroarts (DVD) sets led by Riccardo Muti. (I also love the Karajan set starring the incomparable Giuseppe Taddei. Some complain that it is wan and "Germanic" [whatever that means], but I find it wonderfully mellow and wise.)
Now let us bow our heads in reverence and remember Victor Maurel, who created the role of Falstaff under Verdi and was also the Met's first plump Jack. When Maurel recorded "Quand'ero paggio" in 1907, he brought along his own claque. (I mean, don't you just love this guy?) The claque demanded not only a bis but a tris—en français, bien sûr !
Maurel was vain, arrogant, greedy, and by all accounts one of the most arresting operatic artists of his age. He created Simon Boccanegra (in the revised version), Iago, and Falstaff for Verdi; Tonio in Pagliacci for Leoncavallo (who wrote the famous Prologue at Maurel's request); and many other roles. George Bernard Shaw noted of Maurel's Mephistophélès in Gounod's Faust:
He challenges criticism as a creative artist, not as a mere opera singer. In doing so he at once rouses antagonisms from which his brother artists are quite exempt, since his view of the characters he represents may conflict with that of his critics—a risk obviously not run by eminent baritones who have no views at all.
Verdi especially admired Maurel's beautiful enunciation.
In the last decade of his long and fruitful life, Verdi might have claimed as his own one of Sir John's most exultant lines: "A good wit will make use of anything; I will turn diseases to commodity." Boito felt that his own finest work was "the voluntary servitude [he] consecrated to that just, most noble, and truly great man." He wrote to a friend: "To be the faithful servant of Verdi, and of that other, born on the Avon—I ask no more." How nobly Verdi, Boito, and Shakespeare are served in the Met's Falstaff! Quick, book your tickets now.
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